Management And Organization Hawthorne Studies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Management And Organization-Hawthorne Studies Review. Answer: Presentation Managementand association in a worldwide domain involve planning, arranging, coordinating, and controlling of assets over significant distances, and different social orders. Additionally, in this reliably evolving condition, the chief should know charm, keep up, and advance a varying workforce. In the late 1920s, directors at Hawthorne Works, - an unmistakable maker situated in Illinois needed to know whether their delegates are more beneficial in an adequately lit up condition than they are in an inadequately enlightened condition. The revelation was really the beginning of the spring of change of value in America. This paper talks about the utilization of enlightenment try and the Hawthorne impact on the above theme. Sincemanagement and associations in a worldwide domain require acknowledgment of the advantages that originate from perceiving the elements that drive change, Hawthorne laborers thought of a confirm thought that brightening influences the profitability of representatives. With the ultimate objective of propelling proposals of lights, the General Electric Company started to do the enlightenment tests which were planned for showing the positive association between the quality of lighting and efficiency of laborers(Schermerhorn, 2013, p. 24)(Wren Bedeian, 2009, p. 12). The authorities set up a preliminary gathering and later framed a benchmark group which was contrasted and the preliminary gathering. The force of brightening in the preliminary gathering fluctuated by the scientists plan while it was consistent in the control gathering. Nevertheless, to the investigators' stun, profitability expanded in the two gatherings. In summation, when laborers in an association work in a situation with the better lighting they will undoubtedly work all the more proficiently which improves profitability however it likewise short-term(Schlagheck Lantz, 2014, p. 6). In a worldwide association condition, directors ought to be in a situation to use correspondence methodologies that are successful to control decent variety in the work environment. Hawthorne considers show that individuals are influenced by correspondence from administrators even the non-verbal ones. Hawthorne Effect, a notable term related to cerebrum science and humanism, insinuates the modification in conduct by preliminary subjects that rises up out of their care that they are taking an interest in an assessment. Hawthorne Effect in a work environment emerges when laborers neglect to perform in light of the fact that a supervisor has pulled back oversight and consideration for a given time. As indicated by the Hawthorne examines, when workers are managed; their cognizance reveals to them that they need to perform yet when not regulated they appear to fail to meet expectations. Note that enlightenment test emerges from Hawthorne Effect where eventually; it was demonstrated to be incapable becauseorganization the board needs long haul techniques. Notwithstanding, the Hawthorne explore is present moment and in this manner, gives results that can't be depended on over the long haul. (Garvin, 2011, p. 26). In summation, in view of the Hawthorne discoveries supervisors should ensure that laborers are constantly regulated to perform. The discoveries in the Hawthorne considers gets shortcomings that ought to be tended to. This a bolstered by the way that the Hawthorne Studies as much as they were regarded they had a few imperfections. The heterogeneity of these investigations implies that little can be emphatically induced about the degree of these effects. For instance, the conditions under which they work and their systems don't depict good workplace for all specialists in the authoritative arrangement. Another imperfection is that these discoveries are inclined to predispositions on account of the negligible advancement of the investigation of the issues introduced by the Hawthorne examines. Hawthorne considers have not prompted remarkable examination progresses in the point talked about in this paper. So, Hawthorne considers are not as solid as they may seem(Schlagheck Lantz, 2014, p. 8). End More or less, Hawthorne examines have drawn out into the open observational discoveries, for example, the enlightenment analyze which originates from the Hawthorne Effect. Be that as it may, they have end up being having space for predispositions, restricted examination progressions and the size of effect made is exceptionally negligible in spite of the fact that it has indicated how best one can use prove research, for all intents and purposes. References Garvin, P., 2011. Government informationmanagement in the 21st century: universal points of view. English ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publisher. Schermerhorn, J. R., 2013. The executives. twelfth ed. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley Sons. Schlagheck, D. Lantz, C., 2014. Hawthorne Works. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. Wren, D. A. Bedeian, A. G., 2009. The development of the board thought. sixth ed. Hoboken: Wiley, merchant.

Homiletics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction - Term Paper Example The utilization of ‘sea’ is exceptionally emblematic in nature as is ‘storm’. What's more, he plans to show the development of his strategic the Gentiles. In this manner, the Gospel presents an occurrence that is exceptionally significant even in the cutting edge church. The occurrence gives the knowledge that to an adherent, while crossing the ocean of life, there is Jesus to in any case the issues that may emerge in transit. The main point, as per Craddock (115), is that the Church also requires the steady assurance from Jesus for its endurance in the ocean of current life. Obviously, crossing the ocean was a troublesome assignment. As Rose watches, Galilean angling pontoon of Jesus’ time was very frail with paddles and shaky sails. In this way, one can envision the scope of dread that would emerge in the brain of a mariner before a tempest. As I would see it, the motivation behind this segment is to encourage that the Church ought to be dauntless i n its capacities as obvious confidence knows no feelings of trepidation. Likewise, as Craddock (115) states, the Church should look for persistent assistance from Jesus as it is obvious that without Christ’s bolsters, even the Church won't have the option to endure however it lectures his lessons. The main point Craddock acquires is that Jesus needed to show his trains the idea of his service. Indeed, the stilling of tempest was the first among the four scenes wherein Jesus performs marvels. The supernatural occurrences are quieting a tempest, mending a demoniac, recuperating a wiped out lady, and raising a dead young lady. Craddock brings up the reality it was following this presentation of miracles that Jesus delegates the twelve to lecture his service. In this way, Craddock attempts to reach an inference here that Jesus intended to show his teaches the idea of his service. One more point that Craddock gets at this crossroads is the way that quieting common powers by reprim anding isn't at all unique in relation to different demonstrations of expulsion performed by Jesus. Hence, in the expressions of Craddock, â€Å"rebuke† is deliberately utilized as opposed to utilizing contact or some other demonstrations of expulsion to show that the design was not to introduce Jesus as one among the numerous exorcists who lived in that timeframe (Craddock, 66), however to show the intensity of the expression of God. Indeed, as indicated by Craddock, the expectation of Gospel was to show the intensity of the word the congregation would lecture. The third purpose of thought is the way that Church also requires the steady assistance from Jesus to get by in the choppiness of life. Craddock (115) brings up the way that the typical stance of the congregation is serving others for the sake of Jesus, yet the Church also is accepting the altruism of Jesus’ serving nearness; and in the long journey over the ocean of life, the Church would not have the option t o continue itself without the dynamic help from Jesus. Furthermore, Craddock brings up the reality absence of conviction and involvement with Jesus, or of the Holy Spirit, would prompt the breakdown of Church as it would effortlessly wander off under the heaviness of its own institutionalism or self-advancing projects. Another purpose of thought is the inquiry that Jesus pose to his devotees on quieting the tempest. The inquiry is â€Å"Where is your belief?† In the assessment of Craddock, the goal of Jesus was also that the supporters were not devotees or that they didn't have conviction. Nor did Jesus need to half quart out that the followers would have the option to control the tempest with conviction. In the assessment of Cradock (115), Jesus was tending to their dread that didn't moderate significantly in the wake of spending such a large number of

Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Hereditarily Modified Food Essay Hereditarily designed nourishment is a pestilence all around the globe. There are factors that make these kinds of nourishments unfortunate for some reasons. Popular suppositions on how hereditarily built nourishments will impact the buyer market and ranchers can't bear the cost of the new seeds that are hereditarily adjusted. There are numerous cons of hereditarily designed nourishment that have long haul and momentary dangers. A few dangers have been found by researchers while different dangers are as yet obscure and will remain so except if a specialist tests for them. These nourishments have gotten normal in America just as different nations. Pretty much every supermarket in the United States conveys a wide exhibit of nourishment that has been hereditarily adjusted. A large portion of the hereditarily built nourishments in business sectors are not marked to tell purchasers they were changed in any capacity. Ecological dangers are likewise a worry for hereditarily built nourishment. Various animals, including livestock or creepy crawlies can be hurt from hereditarily designed nourishment. Hereditarily built nourishment effectsly affects the human populace. Hereditarily built nourishment was first brought into society in the mid 1990’s. Numerous individuals today don't have the foggiest idea what sort of broad innovative work goes into making these kinds of nourishments. Sharon Palmer, a journalist, composes that hereditary building is either â€Å"Doomsday tech† or â€Å"biotechnology for the future† (Palmer 1). The way toward modifying a life form totally changes the first creature and changes it into something new. This better approach for adjusting an organism’s hereditary cosmetics sidesteps normal rearing strategies utilized by researchers (Genetically Modified Foods 1). The way toward making hereditarily changed nourishment ordinarily includes â€Å"identifying the qualities administering an attractive trademark in one living being, nd embeddings them into another in the desire that the characteristic will be transferred† (Genetically Modified Foods 1). Here and there the way toward making these living beings doesn't work so researchers need to do the procedure over again until they get a changed living being. In 1973 researchers had the option to accomplish utilizing another life form as a vector which basically was the start of the improvement of hereditarily built nourishments. Albeit hereditarily designed nourishments were not completely presented until the mid 1990s, they were turning out to be what society knows today. More current procedures have been presented that make it simpler for quality inclusion. This new strategy is the utilization of DNA projectiles where â€Å"microscopic metal dabs can be covered with DNA pieces, and afterward â€Å"fired† from a small firearm into the host cell, where DNA may incorporate into the genome† (Genetically Modified Foods 1). A couple of the hereditarily designed nourishments are soybeans, corn, canola, cotton, squash and papaya (Palmer 1). There are numerous different nourishments that individuals see on the racks in markets that might be hereditarily changed yet these are some primary ones. Measurements show that â€Å"an assessed 70 to 75 percent of every handled nourishment in U. S. rocery stores presumably contain fixings from GE plants† (Palmer 6). Numerous nourishments have been hereditarily changed to make them â€Å"better† or impervious to herbicides. Regardless of the way that researchers believe these nourishments to b e progressive there are shrouded outcomes to the improvement of such life forms. The general sentiment on hereditarily built nourishment is that it's anything but a decent improvement. Numerous residents accept that the presentation of changed nourishments will have negative symptoms on everything. Individuals feel that hereditarily designed nourishments ought not be put available until they have had satisfactory testing (Current Issues 3). A significant number of the adjustments done to nourishment have not had broad research led to discover unsafe impacts that they may have on people and creatures. Any exploration that had been done as a rule had negative impacts however researchers figured out how to â€Å"throw out† the examination with the goal that it would not conflict with hereditarily designed nourishment. Andrew Simms states that the â€Å"evidence of damage isn't proof of the nonappearance of harm† (Simms 1). In Simm’s article he depicts how buyers don't require hereditarily altered nourishment. Researchers carried hereditarily built nourishments into the market and publicized them as an approach to support the world. Various methods can be utilized to move toward the issue of world craving. Acquainting these nourishments with underdeveloped nations can just damage them not help them. There is a significant expense of improvement for making hereditarily designed nourishments. Additionally there is an imposing business model engaged with these nourishments. There are just a couple of organizations in the United States that are growing hereditarily changed seeds. This thusly drives up the cost of the seed making it progressively costly and poor ranchers can't stand to get them (Current Issues 3). Ranchers have lost billions of dollars on the grounds that outside purchasers would prefer not to purchase hereditarily designed nourishments (Kupfer 1). Numerous states have passed enactment against having hereditarily changed nourishments. States don't believe that hereditarily built nourishments can help anything with the exception of compound the situation (Kupfer 2). Nourishments are modified to have various qualities that would regularly take a couple of ages to make however with hereditarily building their DNA researchers can do significantly more. Researcher utilize hereditary designing to make yields or creatures dry season open minded and have the option to endure bothers. Customers don't need crops that are transformations. They need normal harvests and creatures. Other general suppositions on overall craving are that GM harvests won't transform it. â€Å"People go hungry in light of the fact that they’re either vulnerable, both, or have no land to develop nourishment on† (Simms 2). Popular assessment on hereditarily built nourishment is that they don't need it. Numerous variables have driven individuals to decide not to acknowledge hereditarily built nourishments into their lives. Hereditarily designed nourishment impacts everything in a negative manner. There are cons to the turn of events and presentation of hereditarily designed nourishments into human progress. There are numerous dangers associated with these kinds of nourishments that are obscure to general society. Researchers attempt to conceal the investigations they had on hereditarily adjusted nourishments since they had negative results. In one examination researchers took care of corn to rodents and afterward checked the rats’ livers and kidneys, especially guys, and the investigation uncovered unfavorable impacts. In another examination directed on GM nourishments a considerable lot of the mice that ate the nourishment created medical issues or even passed on during the analysis (Current Issues 4). The presentation of hereditarily designed nourishments has been connected to the rising degrees of nourishment sensitivities in the United States. Hereditarily altered nourishments can impact natural nourishments in the event that they are handled in a similar spot. Unfavorably susceptible responses are more prominent since hereditarily designed nourishments have been presented (Smith 1). There are numerous ecological worries also. Albeit long haul sway is obscure numerous analysts can close a portion of the negative symptoms. A couple of challenges have just evolved. Plants can cross-fertilize with different plants around them which may appear as though an incredible thing yet it isn't. A few plants are built to be bug safe which appears to be acceptable yet truth be told those plants can cross-fertilize with the weeds around them which thusly makes the weeds more grounded and turn out to be progressively impervious to herbicides. The cross-fertilization of plants makes an issue for ranchers who at that point need to go through extra cash to purchase more herbicide to slaughter new weeds (Current Issues 3). Another regular change is including a quality called Bacillus thuringiensis which is a bacterium that assists that with planting create poison that slaughters nuisances, for example, bollworms and stem borers. This appeared to be a decent alteration by researchers yet in truth the plant produces these poisons into nature and it is dangerous to all bugs, not simply the bugs. Reports have been demonstrated that these poisons from the harvests additionally slaughtered a lot of butterflies (Current Issues 1). U. S. Government doesn't require surveys on hereditarily designed nourishments. Hereditarily adjusted nourishments are not FDA directed either. Nourishments are being adjusted without having sufficient testing and afterward put on staple racks. Individuals are eating nourishment that they don't know whether it is sheltered. There are numerous other potential worries with hereditary designing like a creatures hereditary cosmetics, enemies of supplements, viral DNA, anti-infection safe qualities, retaining qualities, and unfavorably susceptible reactions. Numerous hereditarily modified nourishments have been utilized as feed for creatures also. These creatures have indicated consequences for body development, changes in blood, kidney, pancreas, liver, disintegration and putrefaction of the gastrointestinal tract, and adjustments in proliferation, advancement and mortality (Palmer 6). There are numerous obscure dangers of hereditarily designed nourishments. Obscure long haul wellbeing dangers have not been distinguished and can't be recognized until scientists lead more research. Hereditarily changed nourishments are not something individuals ought to depend on later on as their base nourishment. There are chances today and furthermore numerous other obscure dangers. Hereditarily designed nourishment is a danger to the human populace. This creation was acquainted with attempt and stop world yearning, make nourishment less expensive to purchase and numerous different reasons. These issues have not changed as a result of the presentation of hereditarily designed nourishment. The impacts these kinds of nourishments have on people and even creatures can be unsafe. Research shows that there are long haul dangers engaged with hereditarily built nourishments. Potential malignant growths, ailments, ecological changes, and conceivably an increasing expense in nourishment are on the whole negative components of hereditarily designed nourishment. Hereditarily built nourishments ought to be wiped out from individuals and animal’s abstains from food.

How To Find Student Opinion Essay Samples?

How To Find Student Opinion Essay Samples?Nowadays students are required to write their personal opinion on a particular subject in an essay. It is one of the basic steps that a student should follow in order to write his or her personal opinion. This is because writing this form of essay is a key to advancement in higher education.In order to write your personal opinion on a particular subject, you should find a great number of student opinion essay samples. It is very important that you get a variety of samples to suit different types of subjects. Student opinion essay samples are usually useful in order to ensure that you have written a good essay.Another thing you need to keep in mind when writing an essay is that you must have a clear idea of the topic. The first thing you have to do is to gather a number of topics that you think you can write about. By doing this you will be able to come up with some great topics to write about.After you have gathered all the opinions that you need to write about, you must be sure that you have taken the time to check whether the opinions are free and fair. It is true that opinions can be biased and therefore it is best that you do not allow your opinions to be biased. If you feel that your opinions are not properly checked, you may want to look for online essays. There are numerous websites that will help you write your opinions based on facts and figures.If you need to have opinions written, then the best way to go about it is to write and submit your opinions. You must make sure that your essay is fair in nature. You must also make sure that you have applied yourself to ensure that your opinions are valid. Once you are sure that your opinions are written well, then you can post them as opinions.It is necessary that you go through the student opinion essay samples thoroughly. You must remember that if your opinions are poor, there is a high chance that others will realize this fact and thus this will result in a bad rep utation for you. Therefore you must try to provide your opinions in such a way that they will be considered great.In addition, if you do not have a lot of ideas and you do not feel that you have written excellent opinions, you can always seek advice from other teachers. If you go for this option, you will be able to get some opinions that you can use to improve your writing.

Five Categories of Schizophrenia - 1068 Words

Suppressing Me, Myself, and I R. D. Laing has stated, â€Å"Schizophrenia cannot be understood without understanding despair† (â€Å"Schizophrenia Quotes† 1). In his statement, he reveals a side of schizophrenia that is more than a mental disorder, he shows how vulnerable and painful the disorder can be for those who are diagnosed. Patients who have been diagnosed with such a challenging obstacle, may often feel a sense of despair in an attempt to conquer schizophrenia and its symptoms. Medication for the mental disorder has advanced, so that those affected can manage and control the symptoms that come along with schizophrenia to live a healthy, fulfilling life. People today are not completely educated about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a†¦show more content†¦Other effects can include: significantly low blood pressure, dizziness, irregular pulse, congestion, dry mouth, constipation, and a mild fever. The antipsychotic drugs can be taken in three forms: liqu id, tablet, and injecting the muscle. The main use of the drugs is to induce an â€Å"emotional quieting† for both the â€Å"positive† and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Bernhein and Lewin 125-129). Along with the use of antipsychotics, therapies have been known to assist and aid the treatment of schizophrenia. Electroconvulsive therapy (ETC), psychosurgery, and vitamin therapy, helped manage the obstacles that patients faced. In electroconvulsive therapy, attachments are placed on the temples and the attachments send currents through the brain that result in a seizure that is short lasting. After the seizure has passed, the patient remains unconscious and have no recollection of the pain or feeling. As effective as it sounds, the ETC therapy normally caused fractures and broken bones during the seizure. To reduce the risk, doctors gave the patients medicine to temporarily paralyze them. In ETC therapy, the treatments would help calm the brain of any hallucinations and would help to pacify the patient. Derdivanis 4 Psychosurgery was introduced before the full understanding of the human brain through CT scans and MRI scans. In psychosurgery, the cord that is between the frontal lobes and the thalamus, are cut. By cutting thisShow MoreRelated Biological Basis Of Behavior Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Basis Of Behavior Primary Behaviors of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is defined as a devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior (Durand and Barlow 443). This disorder affects nearly 2.5 million people. The symptoms of schizophrenia are usually divided into two categories, positive and negative. 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Over 2.2 million people suffer from this mental illness. There are many symptoms for Schizophrenia. Although there is no cure, proper treatment can control these symptoms. A person with schizophrenia may often seeRead MoreThe Problem Of Mental Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pages2013) 1) Neurotic 2) Psychotic †¢ Extreme mood swings Hallucinations †¢ Delusions †¢ Personality disorder †¢ Extreme stress †¢ Always worried †¢ (Tartakovsky 2013) †¢ (Pseudopsyentist 2007) †¢ Own Schizophrenia category †¢ Impacts most factors from different categories †¢ (Barnett, 2007, p. 51) †¢ (Symptoms, 2014) †¢ Positive negative symptoms †¢ Hallucinations (psychological) †¢ Delusions (psychological) †¢ Disorganized thinking (psychological) †¢ Abnormal motor behavior (psychological)

Methods of Studying Human Behavior - 1758 Words

Methods Of Studying Human Behavior There are several methods used to study human behavior including Naturalistic Observation, Correlational Research, Experimental Method, Case Study, and the Survey Method, each uses a different type of approach. If I were to do a study on the relationship between alcohol and violence, the method I would use would be the survey research method. (Stangor, 2010) I would use this method because it would not be intrusive, require any possible harm to anyone, and has minimal ethical concerns. The Survey Research Method is a type of Descriptive Research Design that uses written questionnaires, and interviews to collect data. The people participating in the study are referred to as the Sample, and the†¦show more content†¦An example of positive reinforcement in my personal experience is making the President’s List Honors, the award is the positive reinforcement and achieving good grades is the target behavior. 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The distinguishing characteristic may be better or worse, but as can be observed today adolescents have gone into a track which is in a less favorable demeanor. Thanks to Burrhus Frederic Skinner, popularly known as B.F. Skinner for obvious r eason, the master of in human behavior, a teacher as well as parentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Naturalistic Observation1296 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different ways of studying developmental science. This concept is mentioned in the text, Exploring Lifespan Development by Laura Berk as, â€Å"a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan† (Berk, 3). One of the most accurate ways of studying different theories and topics within this field can be done by utilizing a research method known as naturalistic observation. Berk describes naturalistic observation as, â€Å"going into the field or natural environment

Descriptive Essay My Room Example For Students

Descriptive Essay My Room Below is a free essay on Descriptive Essay My Room from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. My safe haven, a place I can completely be myself in, a place can unwind, sit back and just relax: My room. The only space in the house can call my own. It holds all my belongings, all my sentimental objects that hold dear memories. It holds things that get me going from day to day. Its the only place in my house that is completely mine. There are visible signs of being a personal space. Sentimental Objects are lying around as decoration, posters, pictures all sorts of things that Will be cherished for years to come. There are four walls, all painted white. On the three of the four walls I have large posters hanging of the ocean and waves. The fourth wall is home to my closet, which holds girls most precious things: her clothes. There is a black metal framed bed on the right side a large flat screen television on the left, Along with my television, my brown oak desk is located on the left wall. It is fairly neat with a few exceptions of a couple of items of clothing scattered about, Sitting on the floor where I feel most comfortable feel the softness tot my carpet. A beige colored carpet with a few mishaps visible here and there. The walls have the feeling Of fresh paint, the ceiling a rough touch of the swirls made by an unknown material to me. Smell clean air and perfume. Mostly Channel Chance, my favorite, Taste is a hard sense to describe, being that Vie never seen a way to taste my room. An taste the meal of the casserole my mom is cooking from the kitchen; it makes my mouth water at times. I hear the low buzz tot my laptop, and the soft music playing in the background, with the tendency to switch to fast, loud blaring music. Depending on what my music player wants to play at the time. I hear the television in the living room, and cars buzzing past on the street I hear the neighbors kids yelling and screaming at their pool. Hear the pool water splashing as theyre doing cannon balls. Prom the backyard I can hear my crazy neighbors

Romantic Period Essays - Hector Berlioz, Program Music,

Romantic Period A New Step in Music Since the beginning of organized music in the Middle Ages, like all the other fields of creativity and study, such as art, philosophy, and architecture, music has made leaps and bounds in the flow of progression. The Romantic period was a time when music began to take on a different meaning. The music began to become more subjective as opposed to objective music of the Classical period. The artist or composer became much more important as an individual. An example of one of these progressions occurring mainly during the Romantic period was when composers and audiences alike started turning towards program music. Program music is "the term for a nonvocal music that is associated with a poem, a story, or some other literary source; the literary text itself is the program. This new style of music created waves of joy and of controversy that still exist today. This form of music was first derived to fulfill a greater need to cease creating and continuing boundaries in the separate fields of art. Before this period music and paintings or in this case music and literature were not meant to be intertwined. The people did not see a need for it since each field was considered a separate entity of itself. Bent 2 During the romantic period, the general feeling began to surface that music could be made even more expressive by channeling it through literature; especially poetry. I believe a lot of this had to do with the new, relaxed frame of thought for the time period, and the genius of William Shakespeare's writing capabilities. The issue surrounding program music is that critics ridicule the idea that the music can actually illustrate a program. They ask the question that if the audience did not know it was program music, then could they identify it as so, once heard. Some say that it is entirely possible, and even would be hard not to while others claim that there could quite possibly be no clues to the fashion of program music. Another argument made by the critics of program music is music should be able to stand on its own, with meaning, feeling, and a general sense or purpose. With program music, they felt that the music itself could not stand alone. However, the people of the Romantic period did not care. They wanted program music to increase expressive capabilities, and to be entertained in a new fashion. Many of the composers of this time, and since then have flourished through the use of program music. Perhaps some of the most renowned pieces of music in existence today are forms of program music. Hector Berlioz (1803 ? 1869) was a truly gifted composer who was most definitely inspired by literature; mainly Shakespeare. His composition Lelio is a correspondence to the renowned play Hamlet. Probably his best known piece though, Symphonie Fantastique was written about a woman that Berlioz was madly infatuated with. The Irish Shakespearean actress, Harriet Smithson, was the Bent 3 object of his affections, and did actually become his wife for a short time years after this composition. The remarkable part about the symphony is that Berlioz actually had programs made up and distributed to the audience for the performance. "A young musician of unhealthy sensibility and passionate imagination poisons himself with opium in a fit lovesick despair. Too weak to kill him, the dose of drug plunges him into a heavy sleep attended by the strangest visions, during which his sensations, emotions, and memories are transformed in his diseased mind into musical thoughts and images." Berlioz's symphony was received well and he ended up getting his beloved, even though they ended up miserable together. Another famous work in which this new form of music was displayed is Mozart's Don Giovanni. Mozart used a sort of foreshadowing in his music to help the audience along with the story line. In the second to last scene, Don Giovanni is carried off to Hell. Before the curtain opens, the orchestra begins incorporation a somber tone to signify this occurrence. He felt that this foreshadowing made the mood and the music more interesting. This transition during the Romantic period, beginning to compose program music, created a lot of changes in how composers wrote music, and how the audience received the music. Although there were, and still are some questions and uncertainties in some people's minds as to the validity of the music, program music was an inspirational change welcomed by most in the Romantic era. Bibliography Kerman, Joseph. Listen.

A Fatal Accident Essays

A Fatal Accident Essays A Fatal Accident Essay A Fatal Accident Essay A Fatal Accident A Fatal accident is something horrible that can happen with somebody and the worst part is when it happens; person sees a glance of death and that time he realizes his mistakes as well. A fatal accident could pace a positive effect on person’s life if he learns a lesson from it. Monday Night, it was a night after my brother’s valima and we all were very happy. We planned to take the newly wedded bride out for dinner. So we all cousins along with my siblings were on our way to a restaurant. I was in a car with my cousin who was driving the car, I was sitting in the front and my two sisters were sitting on the back seat. My cousin who was driving was a new driver actually and he always drives like a lunatic and that is why I was sitting with him so that I would keep on warning him whenever he does something wrong. There were 4 cars including ours. Well here’s the rub, that day my cousin was driving like a normal person but I don’t exactly remember what happened but the car went out of his control and went off road. First, the tires got burst then the car hit a big rock and after that the car drifted to right and flipped over three times. The second time the car rolled over I thought it’s my last moment of life but by the Grace of Allah when the car stopped rolling it stood straight. I and my cousins rushed out of the car drag my sisters out and then went away from the car if in case it explodes. It was so scary that one of my other cousins who were riding in other car behind us saw the whole seen and she got faint. It was so scary that whoever sees the condition of the car gets frightened and none believed that we survived after seeing the condition of the car. Well we all somehow managed and controlled ourselves, sat in other 3 cars and came back home. It was a miracle that no one in the car got a single bruise. After the accident when we came back home and everything seemed okay I sat back and thought that why it happened and I realized that it was a lesson for all of us. I remember 5 days before Monday we had a loads of fun, the fun we haven’t had in our lives and at that time I guess none of my cousin prayed a single namaz; Allah forbid us. Like for the cousin who was driving it was a lesson for him that he should never drive fast again. And for the rest of my cousins, siblings and me it was a lesson that when Allah gives you loads of happiness we shouldn’t forget about Him and at least pray Namaz when it is due.

European political systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

European political systems - Essay Example The countries that joined in 1958 include Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands and Luxembourg. These six countries were motivated to put collectively the coal and steel industries under supra-national control. The coal and steel developed to European Economic Community in 1958. In 1995 three countries joined the union namely Austria, Finland and Sweden. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined the union. In 2004, Cyprus, Estonia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Poland and Slovenia were considered part of European Union and largest integration that took place. The integration involved the breaking of some of the countries restrictions to adhere to certain issues such as the free movement issues. To some countries, the Stabilization and Association Process put in place to deal with particular cases before recognition, was a challenge to entry. In 1973, the following countries joined European Union, Denmark, United Kingdom and Ireland. Greece joined in 1 981 and Spain in 1986 (Zeff & Pirro,

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example All of these functions play their roles in making an organization achieve all goals efficiently. Let us discuss each of these functions in some detail in order to know the role that they play in the success of an organization. Planning Planning holds great importance in the process of management. It means recognizing organizational or personal goals and developing proper strategies to meet those goals. In context of organizations, planning not only includes setting goals for the future but also includes development of strategies and tactics to meet those goals. Managers cannot achieve desired goals and objectives without planning. For proper planning, managers need to consider many factors, such as, assessment of organizational environment, availability of resources, future trends of the market, assessment of customers’ demands, and proper use of capital. In the organization where I work, there are many kinds of planning which managers do for the success of the organization. S ome of those types of planning include marketing planning, sales planning, and project planning. Marketing planning means to develop suitable strategies for the marketing of the company’s products and services. In marketing planning, managers consider 4Ps of the marketing mix to develop a proper marketing plan. In sales planning, managers assess all aspects of the target market and the sales promotion strategies to develop a proper sales plan for the products. In case of project planning, managers take a close look at different aspects of the project to do effective planning. For project planning, managers consider due date of the project, available resources, and effective use of human resource and technology to meet the targets. Tatum (2011) states, â€Å"Like any type of business planning, project planning is about gaining the most benefit while making the wisest use of available resources†. Proper planning provides many benefits to the organizations, such as, avoid ance of confusions, completion of tasks within deadlines, reduction of risks, and correct use of resources. Organizing Organizing is the second function of management, which means to organize different activities. Once managers are done with planning to do something, the need for organizing arises. Managers need to bring together all resources in such a way that they work in collaboration with each other to achieve desired goals. The function of organizing includes many core activities, such as, identifying the resources, arranging required resources, classifying the resources, communicating goals to employees, assigning tasks to employees based on their skills, and delegating the authorities. A manager needs to be skilled in the function of organizing. It is important because no work can be done up to the level of perfection without proper organization of activities. In my organization, managers of all departments organize their sets of activities in a logical manner in order to co ntribute to the success of the organization. The activities of arranging required resources and providing those resources to the employees for the completion of tasks also come under the function of organizing. Managers organize the workplace properly in order to ensure workplace productivity and organizational success. â€Å"Without an organized workplace, employees will see a manager as unprepared† (Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009). Therefore, a manager needs to be organized personally and professionally in order to put a good impact on the

Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Essay Example for Free

Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Essay Abstract Nonverbal communication speaks louder than verbal communication; therefore, nonverbal communication, such as background music, needs to be sensibly evaluated. As a form of nonverbal communication, background music is capable of influencing a target audience. In advertising, emotions can be shifted depending on the music being played in the background and the same feelings are then transferred to the product, providing a tremendous advantage in business (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Music can change one’s mood; in the workplace, an improved mood allows employees to be more content and, overall, more productive. In addition, with the right musical selection, the music is able to increase the amount of information an individual is able to retain (Balch Lewis, 1996). Various aspects from several studies have been examined, demonstrating the power of background music and music in general. The Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Nonverbal communication may be unintentional and speakers may not be aware of their behaviors or it may be just the opposite (Troester Mester, 2007). However, background music is often carefully selected in order to aid in the desired goal, particularly in advertising (Dillman Carpentier, 2010; Kellaris, Cox, Cox, 1993). The goals of every businessperson may not be the same; yet, the capabilities and effects of music are rather consistent (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Whether via television, radio, or in person, music is able to affect the moods of those in the audience (Knobloch, 2003). Music also has the ability to improve the performance of the task at hand of an individual (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, Heiden, 2012). According to Balch and Lewis (1996), an increase in memory is also induced by music. In any aspect of business, the effects of music can be utilized and even increase efficiency and productivity. Mood Alteration One’s mood determines the way one thinks and acts and what is said (Knobloch, 2003; Hunter, Schellenberg, Schimmack, 2010). According to Hunter et al., â€Å"music is the language of emotions† (p. 47). The perception of music determines the emotion felt. The perception of happiness is more often transferred to feeling happy than the perception of sadness and feeling sad (Hunter, Schellenberg, Schimmack, 2010). Davies (2011) refers to the emotions of music as being contagious. When one is around people who are depressed, that person’s mood adjusts closer to those who are in the depressed state. Similarly, although a person may not actually be sad, a sad part in a movie can make that person feel sad; the same applies to music. Hearing music that sounds happy can make one feel happy and to the contrary. Davies models this as a cause and effect relationship. The music being heard is the cause and the effect is one’s reaction to the music. Whether the reaction is happy or sad is dependent upon the perception of the music to the listener. Sounds that reflect happiness include little amplitude variation, a vast pitch variety, and fast tempo (Hatfield, Cacioppo, Rapson, 1993). Therefore, when one hears these sounds of happy music, emotional contagion is invoked on the subject and causes that person to feel happy. In advertisements, music is selected as an enhancement but also to affect mood. It is a company’s goal to influence potential buyers by creating a positive attitude and feeling towards that company’s product. With a positive image in mind of a particular product, there is a greater likelihood that the consumer will purchase the product (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). An average of more than 9.5 hours of media is taken in by the average American on a daily basis; of those hours, 38% is dedicated to music – all of which affects mood in some way (Knobloch, 2003). In addition, according to Dillman Carpentier, 90% of commercials include music of some sort (2010). The preceding statistics show the value of music to consumers and therefore, reflect the importance music-induced moods have in marketing. Enhanced Performance Not only is music able to affect one’s mood but it is also capable of increasing the performance of an individual (North Hargreaves, 1999). According to Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky, the IQ scores of the participants of their study were highest when the participants were under the influence of music (1993). In the other two trials, the participants went through a relaxation process and sat in silence for 10 minutes; the scores were 2.95 and 3.56 points respectively lower (Rauscher, Shaw, Ky, 1993). Some teachers have started using music to increase the focus and efficiency of students. Relaxing music is played to keep the students’ minds from wandering and, instead, concentrated on the lesson. The relaxing music causes one’s brainwave frequencies to alter, entering the alpha state. The alpha state has been found to be the state where the best connection to one’s subconscious is made (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, Heiden, 2012). Koenen’s and Restak’s (as cited in Fassbender et al., 2012) findings have both supported that music inhibits thought. Restak’s claim is based on a study conducted with surgeons as the participants. Due to differing parts of the brain being used for music and for physical tasks, the music doesn’t inhibit the task but keeps the other part of the brain occupied and, therefore, from becoming distracted (Fassbender et al., 2012). In another study, surgeons were asked to count backwards by various numbers under three different conditions and were monitored throughout their tasks. The different conditions were no music, music of personal preference, and experimenter-selected music. Each surgeon was individually tested and each surgeon’s blood pressure, pulse, timing, and accuracy were recorded. The results showed a significant difference among the three conditions and the areas being monitored. The surgeons’ blood pressures and pulses were at much higher levels when performing the tasks without music. The results of the tasks with the presence of music showed lower blood pressures and pulses but an increase in the speeds and accuracies of the surgeons. Of the two music conditions, the overall results of the surgeons were better when listening to music of their choice rather than the experimenter-selected music. The participants of the study are of a profession that undergoes much stress in the operating room; by listening to music of their choice, the effects of stress decrease and the quality of performances increase (Allen Blascovich, 1994). The studies of Dr. Adrian C. North provide several benefits of music for employers and employees. As previously mentioned, music can affect one’s mood. In the workplace, putting the employees in a better mood will increase their productivity by improving how well they interact with their fellow employees. It has been proven that one’s mood and helpfulness are directly related (North Hargreaves, 1999). Music has also been found to raise the employee morale, leading to a decrease in the number of absences (Furnham Bradley, 1997; North Hargreaves, 1999). The output per employee can also be increased in a work field involving repetitiveness. According to Johnson (2004), participants of his study (whose work was repetitive) matched the tempo of the music being played while working. Therefore, with the addition of music – causing a better mood, cooperation, and increased pace – the overall productivity and efficiency of the workforce can increase and, in turn, boost the company revenue. Music is a friend of labour for it lightens the task by refreshing the nerves and spirit of the worker – William Green ( quoted in Furnham Bradley, 1997) Increased Memory Although music and its relationship to human memory are still being researched, scientists do know that music affects several parts of the brain (Weir Nevins, 2010). Cognitive neuroscientist, Petr Janata, says, â€Å" It [music] calls back memories of a particular person or place, and you might all of a sudden see that person’s face in your mind’s eye† (Weir Nevins, 2010, p. 12). According to John Sweller, one must relate what is being learned to something that is already known (2003). Studies have proven the word-for-word is much higher when heard with music than when heard without music (Wallace, 1994). Wallace also suggests the musical accompaniment is used as a retrieval device or as an aid in the way the words are stored. The belief is that the music accents the words being spoken by acting as a cue when determining the number of syllables in a word and words in a verse (Wallace, 1994). It has also been shown that some memories are solely dependent on music being the trigger to recall them (Balch Lewis, 1996). In marketing and advertising, music plays a significant role on one’s memory. Most can probably identify the brand image, along with the melody, by simply reading, â€Å"five, five-dollar foot long† (Weir Nevins, 2010) due to the capability of music that allows one to recall melody and image from the text read (and the contrary) (Wallace, 1994). Pertaining to memory, music can also serve as an aid in health services (Simmons-Stern, Budson, Ally, 2010). According to a study by Simmons-Stern et al., patients with Alzheimer’s disease were able to recall more of the information they were given when it was sung rather than spoken. It is thought to be possible that these findings may aid in discovering a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease patients (Simmons-Stern et al., 2010). Conclusion There is no doubt music plays a role in everyone’s life in some way. The effects of music are nearly unavoidable due to the fact that music is incorporated into such a variety of activities and places and can cause differentiating feelings and results. Sad music can spread sadness (through emotional contagion) and infect the listener with that sadness, causing the listener’s mood to worsen. On the contrary, music is also able to make one feel happy (Davies, 2011). In the workplace, music is able to improve the mood of employees, motivate employees, and quicken the pace of the work being done (Furnham Bradley, 1997). By playing upbeat music where the work to be done is monotonous, the workers are less irritated and fall in rhythm with the beat of the music. A workforce that has a higher rate of productivity can ultimately benefit the company by increasing the profits (North Hargreaves, 1999). Music also accentuates words and increases the memorabilia of those words; this can be quite beneficial in advertisements (Weir Nevins, 2010). Another benefit music offers, with regards to memory, is as a possible treatment for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Simmons-Stern, Budson, Ally, 2010). Regardless of being a form of nonverbal communication or where it may appear, music strongly affects human beings with its ample array of capabilities. References Allen, K. P., Blascovich, J. P. (1994). Effects of Music on Cardiovascular Reactivity Among Surgeons. Journal of The American Medical Association, 272(11), 882-884. Balch, W. R., Lewis, B. S. (1996). Music-Dependent Memory: The Roles of Tempo Change and Mood Mediation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 1354-1363. Davies, S. (2011). Infectious Music: Music-Listener Emotional Contagion. In A. Coplan, P. Goldie, Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. Dillman Carpentier, F. R. (2010). Innovating Radio News: Effects of Background Music Complexity on Processing and Enjoyment. Journal of Radio Audio Media, 17(1), 63-81. Douglas Olsen, G. (1995). Creating the Contrast: The Influence of Silence and Background Music on Recall and Attribute Importance. Journal of Advertising, 59(4), 29-44. Fassbender, E., Richards, D., Bilgin, A., Thompson, W. F., Heiden, W. (2012). The Effects of Music on Memory f or Facts Learned in a Virtual Environment. Computers and Education, 58(1), 490-500. Furnham, A., Bradley, A. (1997). Music While You Work: The Differential Distraction of Background Music on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 445-455. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 2(3), 96-99. Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and Perceptions of Happiness and Sadness Induced by Music: Similarities, Differences, and Mixed Emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47-56. Johnson, V. W. (2004). Effect of Musical Style on Spontaneous Exercise Performance. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24, 357. Kellaris, J. J., Cox, A. D., Cox, D. (1993, October). The Effect of Background Music on Ad Processing: A Contingency Explanation. Journal of Marketing, 57, 114-125. Knobloch, S. (2003, June). Mood Adjustment via Mass Communication. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 233-250. North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Music and Driving Game Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 285-292. North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Musical Tempo, Productivity, and Morale. Unpublished Manuscript. Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and Spatial Task Performance. Nature, 365, 611. Simmons-Stern, N. R., Budson, A. E., Ally, B. A. (2010). Music as a Memory Enhancer in Patients with Alzheimers Disease. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3164-3167. Sweller, J. (2003). Evolution of Human Cognitive Architecture. San Diego: Academic Press. Troester, R., Mester, C. (2007). Chapter 7: Nonverbal Civility. In Civility in Business Professional Communication (pp. 87-105). Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Wallace, W. T. (1994). Memory for Music: Effect of Melody on Recall of Text. Jornal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1471-1485. Weir, K., Nevins, D. (2010). Music and Your Mind. Current Health Kids, 34(1), p. 10.

Queen Elizabeth the First Essay -- essays research papers

Queen Elizabeth 1 The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is often referred to as "The Golden Age" of English history. Elizabeth was an immensely popular Queen, and her popularity has waned little with the passing of four hundred years. She is still one of the best-loved monarchs, and one of the most admired rulers of all time. She became a legend in her own lifetime, famed for her remarkable abilities and achievements. Yet, about Elizabeth the woman, we know very little. She is an enigma, and was an enigma to her own people. Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was possibly the greatest disappointment of her father's life. He had wanted a son and heir to succeed him as he already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Katherine of Aragon. He had not divorced Katherine, and changed the religion of the country in the process, to have only another daughter. Elizabeth's early life was consequently troubled. Her mother failed to provide the King with a son and was executed on false charges of incest and adultery on 19 May 1536. Her marriage to the King was declared null and void, and Elizabeth, like her half-sister, Mary, was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the line of succession. The next eight years of her life saw a quick succession of stepmothers. There was Jane Seymour who died giving birth to the King's longed for son, Edward; Anne of Cleves who was divorced; Catherine Howard w ho was beheaded; and finally Catherine Parr. For generations, historians have debated whether the constant bride changing of her father was responsible for Elizabeth's apparent refusal to marry. It is certainly possible that the tragic fates of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard impressed upon her a certain fear of marriage, but there may have been other reasons for the Queen's single state, such as a fear of childbirth, which claimed the lives of a significant number of women in this period. Even if the Queen had no personal reservations about marriage, there were political problems with almost every contender for her hand. Religion was a major divisive issue, and there was also the problem of whether Elizabeth would have to relinquish any of her royal powers to a husband in an age when the political sphere was exclusively male. As a child, Elizabeth wa... ... claim the English throne for himself and not for her. In the summer of 1588 he sent his mighty fleet against England. But by superior tactics, ship design, and sheer good fortune, the English defeated them. Elizabeth's popularity reached its zenith. It was also another personal triumph as she had proved that she, a woman, could lead in war as well as any man. Elizabeth was dedicated to her country in a way few monarchs had been or have been since. Elizabeth had the mind of a political genius and nurtured her country through careful leadership and by choosing capable men to assist her, such as Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was a determined woman, but she was not obstinate. She listened to the advice of those around her, and would change a policy if it were unpopular. In appearance she was extravagant, in behavior sometimes flippant and frivolous, but her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious. When she ascended the throne in 1558, England was an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles. When she died at Richmond Palace on the 24th March 1603, England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.

Does Herodotus believe in Cultural Relativism Essay

For its time and place, The Histories of Herodotus is a work of remarkably expansive scope. To set the stage for the wars between Greece and Persia ( 490-479 B. C. ), Herodotus describes the geographical and cultural background and reviews the political history of Lydia, Media, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, Scythia, Libya, Ionia, and various Greek city-states in Asia Minor, on the Aegean islands, and on the European mainland. To record the results of his â€Å"research† (historie, in Greek) with the greatest vigor and accuracy, Herodotus traveled to many of these places and gathered firsthand data from native informants. For this type of research, in the words of a modern commentator, Herodotus merits the title not only of the father of history; he is also the father of comparative anthropology. Among the various classes of information which Herodotus seems to have emphasized, thus suggesting a pattern for later descriptions, were marriage customs, religious rites, burial practices, and food habits. The description of these four categories of traits, or â€Å"social institutions,† were not necessarily executed in the round for every tribe that happened to stroll across the pages of the Histories; but they were mentioned often enough to indicate the direction taken by his curiosity, and the content of the questions he probably put to informants. Herodotus, the ancient Greek, was a cheerful, inquisitive, rationalistic extrovert who traveled over his world to discover the facts, who took delight in telling a good story but usually avoided the temptation to wander very far from sober common sense. His cultural relativism is well known and much discussed, but it is particularly noteworthy that Greeks and barbarians are placed on a equal footing at the outset. Distinctions between Greek and non-Greek break down as the work progresses: the first barbarian for whom we get any detailed information is the Hellenized Lydian king, Croesus; the divisions of lands customary among the Greeks that separate Greek and non-Greek peoples are purely arbitrary; we learn of the Phoenician descent of Sparta’s kings; and Herodotus states that the descendants of Perseus came to be counted as Greeks. The key dichotomy is not the Hellenic-barbarian bipolarity, but rather the opposition of the ordered society based on law and the arbitrary rule of the despot. But political and social institutions are fragile structures, and Herodotus gives no guarantee that the Greek superiority at the time of the Persian Wars, which was based upon those institutions, will last. In fact his work closes on an ominous note that appears to warn imperial Athens that it is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the barbarian. We are presented with the gruesome picture of the crucifixion of the Persian satrap Artayctes at the command of the Athenian commander Xanthippus, father of Pericles, and a piece of wisdom from the Persian founding father, Cyrus, on the dangers of success and affluence. And it is well to remember that Herodotus wrote long after the Persian threat had passed, when Athenian imperial power was at its apogee. Herodotos’ interest in reciprocity is symptomatic of contemporary philosophy, not least in Ionia. Moreover, Herodotos’ very project, his attempt to explain and explore the Persian Wars, can be considered as a study of reciprocity in cross-cultural interaction, not least because those wars were for Herodotos a stage in a reciprocal, cross-cultural process, as he asserts in the proem. Indeed, war itself may be seen as an exchange, a reciprocal undertaking: the tactics of the Skythian Idanthyrsos allow him to wage war while explicitly rejecting the relationship that war usually entails. Herodotos’ origins in western Asia Minor, a key area of interface between Greek and non-Greek culture, may have led him to give particular thought to the issue of cross-cultural reciprocity, as also to the Persian Wars, for which the Ionian Revolt had been the catalyst, if not the cause. At the same time, the justice and injustice of imperialism remained a burning issue through the fifth century into the fourth, and not only Persian imperialism, but also Athenian, Spartan, and Macedonian. The Persian Wars were the great antecedents of the Peloponnesian War, in the early years of which Herodotos seems to have completed his work. The Persians themselves continued to play a major role in the politics of the Greek world: the onset of the Peloponnesian War seems to have inspired new attempts to deal with them, and with other non-Greeks, as indicated in comic style in Aristophanes’ Akharnians of 425 BC. 25 This is understandable, for it was to be Persian resources that would give ultimate victory to the Spartans in that war. Thus, it is quite possible that crosscultural reciprocity was a topical concern in Athens and elsewhere when Herodotos completed his work, though the issue had been close to the centre of Greek preoccupations at least since the time of the Persian Wars, Herodotos’ subject. The Persian Wars had reinforced a Hellenic self-image, defined by contrast with the ‘barbarian’ identity, and had thereby further problematized relationships between Greek and non-Greek. In particular, Greeks (especially Athenians, perhaps) could and did use their defeat of Persia as confirmation of a broader superiority over the barbarian. In exploring the difficulties of forming relationships with the ‘other’, Herodotos’ Histories present readers with failures and disasters, arising primarily from ignorance, over-confidence, and cultural chauvinism. There is a definite element of pessimism in the Histories, for the inability to penetrate beyond contingent nomoi and thereby to see ‘other’ as ‘self’ is taken to be an observable feature of human nature, as manifested throughout the narrative. In particular, wars are seen to be the products of injustice and attendant ignorance. But there is also hope; for the author claims for himself the ability to rise above commonplace failings and offers to provide his readers with a better understanding of themselves, of others, and of reciprocity. Like Kroisos, the reader may pass into a state of deeper understanding through advice confirmed by experience. Where Kroisos had the advice of Solon and suffered personal disaster, the reader has the advice of Herodotos the author and suffers vicarious disaster, ‘experiencing experiences’. Baldry notices that Herodotos calls into question the whole dichotomy between Greek and barbarian, when he presents the Egyptian perspective, according to which barbarians are not those who do not speak Greek, but those who do not speak Egyptian. At the same time, as Laurot has shown, Herodotos displays no interest in condemning barbarians as such, nor in subordinating them to Greeks. Rather, his presentation in the Histories of nomoi of the barbarian ‘other’ offers insights into the nomoi of the Greek ‘self’ (or better, ‘selves’), insofar as the various Greek nomoi constitute Herodotos’ principal frame of reference and benchmark. However, as Rosellini and Said valuably stress, Herodotos does not present the barbarian ‘other’ as a monolithic unity, any more than he presents the Greeks themselves as a unity: rather he ranges across the different nomoi that exist among barbarians and through the complexities of interaction between various barbarian peoples. The Histories are not so much a mirror, as Hartog would have it, but a hall of mirrors with multiple reflections. The key point is that in the Histories cultural differences, however profound they may be, are presented as secondary to a common human nature and a common human condition: in that sense too Greek is barbarian, ‘self’ is ‘other’. The categories of Greek and barbarian are familiar to Herodotos, but on his view, as the proem indicates, they need not entail the subordination of the barbarian, whose achievements are to be celebrated also. For Herodotos, it is humanness that is the natural identity and the group identity that matters, and man-made variations are merely contingent, for all their exotic character and interest. Confirmation of such a view of Herodotos may be found in the condemnatory response of Plutarch, for whom Herodotos is far too positive about barbarians. The ferocity of Plutarch’s response (indeed, his very decision to write a response at all) further indicates the strength of the challenge that Herodotos’ case presented to the smug asseverations of Greek specialness that seem to have developed through the fifth century and which Plutarch in his day assumed to be right and proper. Cross-cultural interaction was central to Herodotos’ project in the Histories. At the same time, the problematic nature of reciprocity the uncertainty that arises from its under-negotiation — is particularly apparent in interaction across cultures. Indeed, Herodotos’ concern with the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon can be seen as intimately bound up with his concern with cross-cultural interaction. Of course, Herodotos’ starting-point is a matter of mere speculation. But we can and should observe the organic relationship between cross-cultural interaction, crosscultural reciprocity, and the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon. It is precisely within the problematics of cross-cultural reciprocity that the appreciation of cultural relativism is particularly necessary. Therefore, if we move from the claim, already mentioned, that there is a strong sense in which the Histories are about reciprocity to ask why Herodotos should be so interested in the phenomenon, I would suggest that an answer is to be found not in the topicality of reciprocity as a theme in the later fifth century, but in the rationale of Herodotos’ very undertaking. A broadlybased treatment of the Persian Wars by its very nature invites a simultaneous and inherent treatment of reciprocity as a phenomenon. To examine societies is to explore forms of reciprocities. All the more so, when societies invite comparisons through their It also seems clear that Herodotus approached the task of describing manners and customs with a fairly definite idea of what constituted a culture, and a fairly specific set of questions for evoking details from informants. The criteria which separated one group from another and gave individuality to his descriptive portraits were common descent, common language, common religion, and the observance of like manners in the smaller details of living, such as dress, diet, and dwellings. The Argippeans, who lived at the foot of the Ural Mountains, were presented vividly as being bald from birth, speaking a language of their own, using no weapons, dispensing justice in the quarrels of their neighbors, and dressing after the manner of the Scythians. They lived on the juice of a species of cherry, making the lees into a solid cake which they ate instead of meat. They dwell each man,† he said, â€Å"under a tree, covering it in winter with a white felt cloth, but using no felt in summer. † For each group, in other words, seven categories of cultural fact are given. We are told their geographical location and something of their environment. We are told of their language, their dress, their food, their dwellings, their form of self-defense, or their lack of it, their prestige as judges among other peoples. On the other hand, concerning Egypt, one of the more important culture areas, Herodotus says at the outset that he will have to extend his remarks to some length. This country–its climate, its people and animals–was a constant surprise and challenge to the observer, very much as Japan with its customs and Australia with its fauna have challenged the modern traveller. For the Egyptians the number of cultural categories evoked far exceeds the seven used in describing the Argippeans. As for history, Bodin’s belief in its power to confer knowledge concerning the ways of mankind was unfaltering; and much of both the Methodus and the Republique is devoted to the assemblage of documentation to support this contention. Never before perhaps had a writer on politics or ethnography amassed so large a body of dated materials or laid so large a literature under tribute. He was well-read, not only in the law and the Bible, but in the Talmud and the Cabala; in the ancients, including Herodotus, Strabo, Cicero, Tacitus, and Caesar; in the modern historians, such as Joinville, Froissart, Monstrelet, Commines; and in the travelers, Marco Polo, Leo Africanus, and Las Casas. As they err, said he, â€Å"who study the maps of regions before they have learned accurately the relation of the whole universe and the separate parts to each other and to the whole, so they are not less mistaken who think they can understand particular histories before they have judged the order and sequence of universal history and of all times, set forth as it were in a table. †

Defamation As A Tort In Common Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2867 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Tort Essay Did you like this example? Introduction to Defamation. Defamation also called calumny, vilification, slander and libel is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image. Defamation is the publication of a statement which refers on a persons reputation and tends to lower him in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally or tends to make then shun or avoid him. The tort of defamation protects a persons interest in his reputation. If the defendant had made an untrue statement, or what amounts to a statement, which is defamatory of the plaintiff, the plaintiff has a right of action against him unless the defendant can establish one of the special defenses available to an action for defamation. Since the tort of defamation protects the plaintiffs reputation, and since reputation depends on what other people think of the plaintiff, th e publication of the statement by the defendant to persons other than the plaintiff himself is an essential part of the tort -the purpose of the tort is not to protect the injured the feelings of the plaintiff. The tort goes beyond protecting their mere personal reputation of the plaintiff and extends to the protection of the reputation of his commercial and business undertakings. The rules of the tort represent an attempt to strike a balance between two important and often competing interests, the public interest in freedom of speech and the private interest in marinating ones reputation. The difficulty of achieving this balance is perhaps indicated by the fact that, though liability for a defamatory statement is strict and substantial damages might be recovered from the one making the defamatory statement, a large variety of defenses exist for the one who makes such a statement. Regardless of whether a defamation action is framed in libel or slander, the claimant must always prove that the words, pictures, gestures, etc are defamatory. Secondly, the claimant must show that they refer to him and finally, that they were maliciously published. These are the three essentials elements in a defamation action. There are 2 types of defamation: libel which is generally in a written format and Slander which is in an Oral format. Different rules are applicable to each. There is no tort unless there has been a communication of the defamatory matter to a third party Slander slander may be divided into five classes, as follows: (1.) Words falsely spoken of a person which impute to the party the commission of some criminal offence involving moral turpitude, for which the party, if the charge is true, may be indicted and punished. (2.) Words falsely spoken of a person which impute that the party is infected with some contagious disease, where, if the charge is true, it would exclude the party from society; (3.) Defamatory words falsely spoken of a person, which impute to the party unfitness to perform the duties of an office or employment of profit, or the want of integrity in the discharge of the duties of such an office or employment. (4.) Defamatory words falsely spoken of a party which prejudice such party in his or her profession or trade. (5.) Defamatory words falsely spoken of a person, which, though not in themselves actionable, occasion the party special damage. Certain words, all admit, are in themselves actionable, because the natural consequence of what they impute to the party is damage, as if they import a charge that the party has been guilty of a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, or that the party is infected with a contagious distemper, or if they are prejudicial in a pecuniary sense to a person in office or to a person engaged as a livelihood in a profession or trade; but in all other cases the party who brings an action for words must show the damage he or she has suffered by the false sp eaking of the other party.  [2] The classic definition of defamation is which is calculated to injure the reputation of another, by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule  [3] Libel In order to found an action for libel, it must b proved that the statement complained of is False In writing Defamatory Published Falsity of the statement The falsity of the charge must be presumed in the plaintiffs favor  [4]  .the burden of proof that the words are false doesnt lie on the plaintiff. Defamation of a person is held False until it is proved to b true. And if a person has stated that which is false and defamatory, malice is also assumed. But however, the plaintiff alleges in his plaint that the statements made are false and malicious, the motive of the defendant is not material in determining the damages. The motive of the defendant is totally irrelevant. Nature of Libel Defamatory statements maybe in written, printed or in the form of a caric ature. eg. a scandalous picture  [5] Princess Irina of Russia, the wife of prince Youssoupoff , claimed damages for libel in a feature film entitles Rasputin the mad monk, alleging that the MGM  [6]  , had published pictures and words in the film which were understood to mean that she there in called Princess Natasha had been raped and/or seduced by Rasputin. The jury ruled in favor of the princess and awarded her  £25,000 damages. The trial court rendered this judgment and this was confirmed by the Court of appeal. Under the defamation act of 1952, the broadcasting of any words by means of wireless telegraphy i.e. radio and television is treated as publication in permanent form. Similarly, The Theatres act of 1968(UK), theatrical performances are treated as publication in permanent form i.e. libel. When is it considered as defamatory? Any word will be deemed defamatory which Exposes the plaintiff to hatred, contempt or ridicule; Tends to injure him i n his profession or trade Causes him to be shunned or avoided by people Publishing of the material The test is whether the words would tend to lower the plaintiff in the estimation of the right thinking members of the society  [7]  . In applying this test, the statement complained of has to be read as a whole and the words used in it are to be given their natural and usual meanings which maybe understood by common men  [8]  . The ordinary man must not try to read it again and again to derive its meaning. The lawyers rule states that in an implication much more freely and unfortunately, as the law of defamation has to take into account, is especially prone to do so when it is derogatory  [9] If the defamatory statement consists of an article with a headline and photograph, the whole article including the photograph must be taken together and considered whether in its natural and ordinary meaning which may be ascribed to it by ordinary men it is defamatory of the plaintiff.  [10] Distinction Between libel and Slander The fundamental distinction was between written words, which were libel and spoken words, which were slander. Nowadays the general test for libel is whether the publication is in a PERMENANT form, other cases being slander. In common law, libel is a criminal offence as well as a civil wrong, but a slander is a civil wrong only. But, as per Indian law, both libel and slander are criminal offences  [11] A libel is of itself an infringement of a right and no actual damage needs to be proved in order to sustain such an action. In common law, slander is actionable only when special damages can be proved to have been its natural consequence, or when it conveys certain imputations. An action maybe maintained for defamatory words reduced to writing, which would not have been actionable if merely spoken  [12] Defamatory statements In an action for defamation, the plaintiff must show that the defamatory statement refers to him. It is not necessary for this purpose the plaintiff should have been described by his own name. It is sufficient if the has described him by his initials or even by a fictitious name, provided he can satisfy the court that he was the person referred to.  [13]  It is immaterial whether the defendant intended the defamatory statement made to apply to the plaintiff or knew of the plaintiffs existence, if the statement might be understood by anyone who knew the plaintiff. a person charged with libel can not defend himself by showing that his intentions were not to defame or insult the plaintiff, in fact when he did both   [14] In E.Hulton co. v. Jones  [15]  an article was published by the defendants in their newspaper the Sunday chronicle by their Paris correspondents describing a motor festival at Dieppe in which a reference was made to a church warden Artemus Jones. It was stated that he was having a happy time with a woman who was not his wife. The pla intiff who was a barrister was baptized as Thomas Jones but did not live at peckham and had not been to the Dieppe festival. The plaintiff accepted that the writer of the article and the editor of the paper knew nothing of him and did not intend the article to refer to him. The court/jury still awarded the plaintiff damages as the court stated that it is not even necessary that the plaintiff should have been named at all nor should the statement have a pointer which states that it refers to the plaintiff Although a statement is not explicitly defamatory, the next statement can not be use to show the former as defamatory, but if the first statement is defamatory, the second statement maybe used to strengthen the case. When the statement doesnt expressly relate to the plaintiff, extrinsic evidence can be used to show that the persons knowing the plaintiff understood the statement to relate to him  [16] Defamation of deceased persons It is not a tort to defame deceased persons. The law implicitly states that the plaintiff himself must prove that the statements made were referred to him. Moreover, the action doesnt survive for the plaintiffs estate on his death. But if the defamatory statement affects the family of the deceased also, the family can sue on behalf of the deceased. The person defaming the deceased maybe be criminally prosecuted if the statements he made injured the reputation of the person If living or his family or his close relatives.  [17] Defamation of a Class of People It may amount to defamation to make an imputation concerning the members of a definite body of persons e.g. a team of players. If a defamatory statement is made against a class of people, one of them could bring about the suit provided he can prove that the defamation was aimed against him. E.g. if a person makes a statementall students are frauds. No particular student can sue unless there is something pointing to that particular student. As stated by Lord Atkin, : the only rule is that in order to be actionable, the defamatory words must be published and concerning the plaintiff. It is irrelevant if the publication is about two or more people if it is proved to be published of him Defenses for defamation under common law Justification by truth The truth of defamatory words is a complete defense to an action of libel or slander though it is not so in a criminal trial  [18]  . Truth is the answer to the suit filed against him but its over rules possibilities of malice in the statement and it doesnt entitle the plaintiff to get damages. For the law does not permit a man to get damages for an injury to character which he does not possess. It wouldnt make a difference to the law if the defamatory statement was made without the knowledge of it being true, then later its was found to b true, it would still be an absolute defense, if the matter was true, the purpose or method of publication holds no value in front of the law. It is not necessary to prove the truth in every bit of the statement made. The gist of the statement must contain the truth. Thus, the statement might not be fully accurate but substantially true. But if there is a gross exaggeration, the defense of Justification by truth will fail .and also if the statement made was false, the justification of the defendant that he honestly and on reasonable grounds believed it to b true will not qualify to use this defense. Fair and Bona fide comment A Fair and Bona fide comment for public interest is not considered as a libel.  [19]  Thus, valid criticisms are not defamatory statements. If the plaintiff suffers a loss, it would come under Damnum sine injuria. This involves all matters of public interest. Some examples of public interest are 1. Administration of justice 2. Public institutions 3. Local authorities 4. Acts of ministers 5. Affairs of the state EtcÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚ ¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ For the defense of a fair comment on the matter of public interest, the matter must be in which the general public have a legitimate interest matters which are related to public broadcast Privilege Privilege means that the person stands in such relation to the facts of a case that he is justified in saying or writing what would be slanderous or libelous in any one else  [20] Privilage is of 2 kinds Absolute Privilege Qualified Privilege Absolute privilege A statement is said to be absolutely privileged when no action lies even if the statement is made by malice or is false and defamatory. There are 4 main categories for absolute privileges Parliamentary proceedings Judicial proceedings Military and naval proceedings State proceedings Parliamentary proceedings The statements made by the house or its members might be untrue to their knowledge couldnt be made the foundation of a civil or criminal proceedings, however injurious they might b to the third party. This privilege doesnt extend to anything outside the walls of the house or to speeches or materials circulated outside the walls of the house. Judicial proceedings No action of libel or slander lies whether the judges, counsel, witness, or parties, for word written or spoken In the course of proceedings, before any court recognized by the law. This includes words written or spoken, maliciously or with a wicked mind. Judges ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­-whatever act is done by a judge while acting in his judicial powers is absolutely protected. Coroner- A coroner deposing in front of a jury is not liable to the words falsely or maliciously spoken during his address to the jury Advocate-no action lies against an advocate for defamatory words used during the course of an enquiry in front of a judicial tribunal Counsel- the counsels words are absolutely privileged The madras High court has laid down that an advocate cannot be proceeded against civilly or criminally for words uttered as an advocate in his office  [21] Solicitors/ parties/ witnesses/ investigators/ judge/ jurors are also completely free form any defamatory charges against any statement made by them (even maliciously) during the course of their employment. Military and naval proceedings Proceedings of a military or naval tribunal are absolutely privileged. Statements made in front of a military court of enquiry by a military man is protected and classified. State proceedings For reasons of public policy, absolute protection is given to every state related communication. Be it between ministers or the officers of the state. Other defenses Consent It is a defense that the plaintiff has expressly or impliedly consented to the publication confirmed of where.  [22] Apology Where there is an apology, and an acceptance of thereof, the defendant can resist the plaintiffs suit for damages for defamation. Qualifi ed Privilege: A statement is said to have a qualified privilege when no action lies for it even though it is false and defamatory, unless the plaintiff proves express malice.. Remedies for Defamation As to the remedies for defamation a suit for damages maybe brought. The publication of defamatory material may be restrained by injunction either under S.38 or 39 of the specific Relief Act 1963 Damages for defamation Damages recoverable for a suit against libel and slander will depend of the nature and gravity of the defamation that has been caused to the plaintiff. It also depends on the extent of circulation of the defamatory material, the position in life of the parties and the nature/ situations of the case Mitigation of damages It is permissible for a defendant to seek to mitigate damages by providing any of the following defenses. Evidence falling short of justification Absence of malice Apology at the earliest opportunity Provocation by the plain tiff Bad reputation of the plaintiff Injunction An injunction can be issued by the court ad it as the jurisdiction to interfere to restrain the publication of the libel the jurisdictional authority will not be used by the court unless it is proved that the statements complained about is totally untrue. Joint action A joint action for slander cannot be brought about jointly against several defendants; separate action needs to b taken against all of them. In the case of verbal slander, each person will be liable only for what he/she said. But an action for slander maybe bought jointly against many defendants where the words spoken arent actionable per se. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defamation As A Tort In Common Law" essay for you Create order